Evaluation of Suneka Wastewater Treatment Plant Based on the Efficiency of Coliform Bacteria Removal
Main Article Content
Abstract
Wastewater is rich with inorganic, organic, and microbial pollutants and has been linked to environmental pollution, and health hazards including water and food borne illnesses. Wastewater polishing is aimed at removing these pollutants, rendering the treated wastewater re-usable for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. The study aimed to assess the efficiency of the Suneka Wastewater Treatment Plant (Suneka WWTP) in wastewater polishing based on the analysis of total and fecal coliform bacteria (TC and FC) removal during the period of August-December, 2019 at seven (7) sampling points. A culture method was used to determine the microbial composition of the wastewater. The coliform levels of the discharged effluent were then compared with the NEMA standards. The means of TC and FC were 76.3 ± 10.98 and 55.66 ± 9.89 counts/100 ml respectively. The mean polishing efficacy of the Suneka WWTP was of major concern as it was observed that coliforms (TC and FC) counts did not meet the required NEMA standards. The Gusii Water and Sanitation Company could use this information to improve wastewater treatment and meet the established guidelines for effluent coliform level discharge into the environment.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Unesco. (2017). Wastewater the untapped resource. The United Nations World Water Development report. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.059
Song, E., Nyerere, A., Magoma, G., and Gunturu, R. (2019). Occurrence of Highly Resistant Microorganisms in Ruai Wastewater Treatment Plant and Dandora Dumpsite in Nairobi County , Kenya. pp. 479–494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2019.95029
Nyabaro, O. M., Mosoti, D., Muthoka, T. M., & Onyancha, E. (2018). Determination of Pollution Levels of Waste Water from Nakuru Tanners, Kenya. African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 1(3), pp 200-210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.202 2/ajest.v1i3.215.
Douglas, R., Albert, G., Reuben, O., Paul, O., Hellen, N., Boniface, G., Obed, N., Argwings, O., & Job, O. (2022). Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn) in Wastewater from Gusii Treatment Plant in Kisii County, Kenya. Pan Africa Science Journal, 1(02), 122–138. https://doi.org/10.47787/pasj.v1i02. 12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47787/pasj.v1i02.12
Agoro, M. A., Okoh, O. O, and Okoh, A. I. (2018). Physicochemical Properties of Wastewater in Three Typical South African Sewage Works. Polish J. Environ. Stud., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1–9, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/74156
Sayo, S., Kiratu, J. M., and Nyamato, G. S. (2020). Heavy metal concentrations in soil and vegetables irrigated with sewage effluent : A case study of Embu sewage treatment plant , Kenya. Sci. African, vol. 8, p. e00337, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00337
Sekabira, K., Origa, H. O., Basamba, T. A., Mutumba, G., and Kakudidi, E. (2010). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the urban stream sediments and its tributaries. vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 435–446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326153
Babu, J., Albert, M., Lewis, G., Onchieku, S., Mwamburi, J., George, O., Odoli, C. (2021). Water quality, phytoplankton composition and microcystin concentrations in Kisumu Bay ( Kenya ) of Lake Victoria after a prolonged water hyacinth infestation period. Lakes and Reservoirs, (September), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12380
Omondi, A. O. (2019). Diversity, distribution and biomass of phytoplankton in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. MSc. Thesis
Kumar, K. S., Dahms, H., Won, E., Lee, J., & Shin, K. (2015). Ecotoxicology and environmental safety microalgae – A promising tool for heavy metal remediation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 113, 329–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.019
Rayori, D., Getabu, A., Omondi, R., Orina, P., Gisacho, B., & Omondi, A. (2021). Phytoplankton diversity in Gusii wastewater treatment plant in Kisii county, Kenya. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 9(3), 299–306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/fish.2021.v9.i3d.2505
Rayori, D., Omondi, R., Getabu, A., Orina, P., Omondi, A. (2023). Spatial-Temporal Variations of Zooplankton in Relation to Selected Limnological Parameters: A Case of Kisii Town Wastewater Treatment Plant, Kisii County, Kenya. Pan Africa Sci. J., vol. 02, no. 03. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47787/pasj.v3i02.23
Jomo, B. S., Omondi, R., Getabu, A., & Orwa, P. (2019). Spatial variation in diversity, distribution, and abundance of macroinvertebrates and their response to physicochemical parameters in River Nyakomisaro, Kisii-Kenya. 01(1), 23–30
Hassan, E., Jaafaru, A., Bonjoru, R., Ndeham, V., Jerry, J., Bagauda, D., & Michael, L. (2019). Diversity and abundance of zooplanktons , macroinvertebrates and fish larvae from Lake Ribadu, Adamawa State, Nigeria. JSM Aquaculture and Research, 1(6), 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2019/v4i130044
Deksne, R. (2011). Influence of wastewater on zooplankton communities in the Daugava River upstream and downstream of Daugavpils over the last 50 years. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 7(402), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2011050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2011050
Khune, C. J., Parwate, B. P. (2017). Zooplankton diversity and their seasonal variation in Nav-Talav, Amgaon, Gondia District. International Journal of Researchers in Biosciences, Agriculture and Technology, 5(2), 653–656.
Lukhabi, D. K. (2018). Characterization of Egerton university wastewater stabilization ponds and assessment of substrate size efficiency in reduction of faecal pollutants in a constructed wetland. mesocosm.
Amoatey, P., & Bani, R. (2011). Wastewater Management. Evaluation and Management (pp. 379–398). Retrevied from https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/14587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/16158
Darko, G., Azanu, D., & Logo, N. K. (2016). Accumulation of toxic metals in fish raised from sewage-fed aquaculture and estimated health risks associated with their consumption. Cogent Environmental Science, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1190116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1190116
Latha, N., & Mohan, M. R. (2013). The bacterial microflora in the fish organs-A public health aspect. Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science, 1(3), 139–143.
Murray, A. (2011). Human-waste reuse: global overview of options and background market analysis of waste-based business opportunities in Nairobi, Kenya. Waste Enterprises Ltd. Retrevied from https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and publications/library/details/1868
Peter, E. (2008). Key issues in the safe use of wastewater and excreta in aquaculture. Vol. 3. Retrevied from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/washdocuments/wastewater-use/using-human-waste-safely---kit-1/key-issues-in-the-safeuse-of-wastewater-an-excreta-in-aquaculture.pdf
Biswas, J. K., & Rana, S. (2014). Treatment wetlands as ecotechnological tools for regenerative reclamation of wastewater : Experiences from working with Kalyani Model. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.7763/JOCET.2014.V2.84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7763/JOCET.2014.V2.84
Omondi, D. O., Wairimu, M. A., Aketch, A. W., William, S. A., Trick, C. G. and Creed, I. F. (2015). Faecal pollution and solar purification of community water sources within Lake Naivasha basin, Kenya. J. Water, Sanit. Hyg. Dev. |, pp. 252–260, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.150
Wang, H., Tao, W., Zhang, B., Brahima;, T., Omosa, I. B., Chiramba, T., & Pradhan, M. (2013). Water and wastewater treatment in Africa – current practices and challenges. Clean-Journal, 1029–1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201300208 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201300208
Otieno, O. A. (2017). Evaluating the effectiveness of constructed wetland in polishing wastewater from Gusii treatment plant in Kisii town, Kenya.
Onderi, Moses; Ongori, Z. (2019). Kisii County Government Finance and Economic Planning Annual Development Plan (2020-2021).