Assessment of the current status of water quality and nutrients enrichment of rivers Kisat and Auji and Nyalenda wastewater sedimentation ponds using multivariate technique
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Monitoring the condition of aquatic ecosystems is important because they provide ecological goods and services on which human beings depend. The present study analyzed the physico-chemical parameters and nutrients enrichment in rivers Kisat and Auji as well as wastewater sedimentation ponds to inform appropriate management measures. The water samples were collected from eight sampling sites starting at the source running downstream and at the wastewater sedimentation ponds beginning from February to October 2021. The physico-chemical parameters were measured in situ, while nutrients were analyzed at the laboratory. The results of the study indicated inconsistencies in the variation of physico-chemical parameters and nutrients enrichment among the sampling sites. The results revealed that dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity (sal), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity and total nitrogen (TN) showed significance difference between the sites. Similarly principal component analysis revealed variations indicating (temperature, TDS, EC, Sal, TN and Total phosphorus (TP) are the major variables influencing the water quality variations. The overall results demonstrated some sampling sites are heavily contaminated with pollutants attributable to anthropogenic activities. The results of the present study are important for decision making regarding the management of water quality in urban rivers and wastewater sedimentations ponds.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Adeogun, A.O. Impact of industrial effluents on water quality and gill pathology of Clarias gariepinus from Aloro stream, Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 2012, 76 (1), 83-94
Agedah, E.C.; Ineyougha, E.R.; Izah, S.C.; Orutugu, L.A. Enumeration of total heterotrophic bacteria and some physico-chemical characteristics of surface water used for drinking sources in Wilberforce Island, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 2015, 3, 28 – 34
Al- Afify, A.D.G.; Othman, A.A.; Ramadan, M.F. Characterization of chemical microbial quality of Nile River surface water at Cairo (Egypt), Rendiconti Lincei Scienze Fisiche Naturali, 2018, 29 (3), 725-736 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-018-0721-8
American Public Health Association Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st Edition. Washington, DC: APHAAWWA. WEF, 2005
Aura, C.M.; Kimani, E.; Musa, S.; Kundu, R.; Njiru, J.M. Spatio – temporal macroinvertebrate multi – index of biotic integrity (MMiBI) for a coastal river basin: a case study of river Tana, Kenya. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 2017, 17, 113 – 124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2016.10.001
Bagnis, S.; Boxall, A.; Gachanja, A.; Fitzsimons, M.; Murigi, M.; Snape, J.; Tappin, A.; Wilkinson, J.; Comber, S. Characterization of the Nairobi River catchment impact zone and occurrence of pharmaceuticals: implication for an impact zone inclusive environmental risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 703, 134925 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134925
Bassa, S.; Getabu, A.; Owiti, D.O.; Taabu, A.M.; Ogello, E.; Orina, N.E.; Muhoozi, I.I.; Olwa, R.; Nakiyende, H.; Mbabazi, D.; Muhumuza, E.K.; Balirwa, J.S.; Nkalubo, W. Ecosystem integrity of the Upper Victoria Nile in East Africa based on habitat and fish species biotic indices. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2919, 19(1), 33-49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ujas.v19i1.4
Beniwal, V.D.; Kumari, R.; Jain, S. Physico – chemical parameter: An indicator of water pollution. Journal of Environmental Research, 2021, 5(5), 7857.
Brightbill, R.A.; Munn, M.D. Environmental and biological data for the nutrients enrichment effects on stream ecosystem projects of the Natural Water Quality Assessment Program, 2003-2004. US Geological Survey Data Series, 2008, 345, 13p DOI: https://doi.org/10.3133/ds345
Chen, Y.; Yu, s.; Tang, S.; Li, Y.; Liu, H.; Zhang, X.; Su, G.; Li, B.; Yu, H.; Giesy, J.P. Site – specific water quality criteria for aquatic ecosystems: a case study of pentachlorophenol for Tai Lake, China. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 541, 65 – 73 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.006
Chindah, A.C.; Braide, S.A. The physicochemical quality and phytoplankton community of tropical waters: A case of 4 biotopes in the lower Bonny River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Cademo de Pesquisa Serie Biologia, 2004, 16, 7-35
Cuffney, T.F.; Kennen, J.G.; Waite, I.R. Aquatic ecosystem as indicator and trends in water quality. In comprehensive water quality and purification, 1st ed.; Ahuja, S; ed.; Elsevier, United States of America, 2014; Vol. 1, pp. 122-156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382182-9.00008-6
El-Agri, A.; Emam, M.A.; Gaber, H.S.; Hassan, E.A.; Hamdy, S.M. Integrated use of biomarkers to assess the impact of heavy metals pollution on Solea aegyptiaca fish in Lake Oorun. Environmental Science Europe, 2022, 34-74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00656-6
Gaber, H.S.; El-Kasheif, M.A.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Authman, M.M.N. Effects of water pollution on El-Rahawy drainage canal on hematology and organs of freshwater fish Clarias gariepinus. World Applied Sciences Journal, 2013, 21(3), 329-341
Gorde, S.P.; Jadhav, M.V. Assessment of water quality parameters: a review. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application, 2013, 3(6), 2029 - 2035
Government of Kenya (GoK). Environmental management and coordination (Water Quality) regulation, 2006
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI). ASFA advisory Board meeting. Rome Italy, report, 2005
Kobingi, N.; Raburu, P.O.; Masese, F.O.; Gichuki, J. Assessment of pollution impacts on the ecological integrity of the Kisian and Kisat rivers in Lake Victoria drainage basin, Kenya. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2009, 3, 97 – 107
Lubanga, H.L.; Manyala, J.O.; Sitati, A.; Yegon, M.J.; Masese, F.O. Spatial variability in water quality and macroinvertebrate assemblages across a disturbance gradient in the Mara River Basin, Kenya. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 2021, 1642, 3593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2021.03.001
Maansi, J.R.; Wats, M. Evaluation of surface water quality using water quality indices (WQIs) in Lake Sukhna, Chandigerh, India Applied Water Science, 2022, 12(2) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01534-x
Mathuram, T.; Chandran, M.; Dinakaran, K. Study on physicochemical parameters of surface water of Vaigai river near Madurai city, Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 2017, 5(4), 239
Miruka, J.B.; Getabu, A.; Sitoki, L.; James, O.; Mwamburi, J.; George, O.; Chrispine, N.; Odoli, C. Water quality, phytoplankton composition and microcystin concentration in Kisumu Bay (Kenya) of Lake Victoria after a prolonged water hyacinth infestation period. Lake & Resevoirs: Research & Management, 2021, 26, e12380 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12380
Munn, M.D.; Frey, J.W.; Tesoriero, A.J.; Black, R.W.; Duff, J.H.; Lee, K.; Maret, T.R.; Mebane, C.A.; Waite, I.R.; Relt, R.B. Understanding the influence of nutrients on stream ecosystems in agricultural landscape. US Geological Circular, 2018, 1437, pp80 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1437
Ndungu, J.; Augustijn, D.C.; Hulscher, S.J.; Fulanda, B.; Kitaka, N.; Mathooko, J.M. A multivariate analysis of water quality in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Marine & Freshwater Research, 2014, 66(2), 177 – 186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/MF14031
Olbasa, B.W. Characerization of physicochemical water quality parameters of River Gudar (Oromia region, west Shewa Rone, Ethiopia) for drinking purposes. Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2017, 10(5), 47-52 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-1005014752
Osman, A.G.M.; Al-Awadhi, R.M.; Harabawy, A.S.A.; Mahmoud, U.M. Evaluation of the use of protein electrophoresis of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) for biomonitoring aquatic pollution. Environmental Research, 2010, 4(3), 235-243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/erj.2010.235.243
Osure, G.O.; Getabu, A.; Aura, C.M.; Omondi, R.; Basweti, E. Longitudinal fish species diversity and distribution in a medium-sized Afro-tropical River in the Lake Victoria Basin. Pan Africa Science Journal, 2022, 2(2) DOI: https://doi.org/10.47787/pasj.v2i2.18
Otieno, A.A.; Kitur, E.L.; Gathuru, G. Physico-chemical properties of River Kisat, Lake Victoria catchment, Kisumu County, Kenya. Environmental Pollution and climate change, 2017, 1, 137
Ouma, S.O.; Ngeranwa, J.N.; Juma, K.K.; Mbaru, D.N. Seasonal variation of physicochemical and bacteriological quality of water from five rural catchment area of Lake Victoria basin in Kenya. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2016, 3, 170
Peletz, R.; Kisiangani, J.; Bonham, M.; Ronoh, P.; Delaire, C.; Kumpel, E. Why do water quality monitoring programs succeed or fail? A qualitative comparative analysis of regulated testing systems in Sub – Saharan Africa. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2018, 221, 907 - 920 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.05.010
Saalingdong, B.M.; Aram, S.A.; Otu, S.; Lartey, P.O. Examining the dynamics of the relationship between water pH and other water quality parameters in ground and surface water systems. PLoS ONE, 2022, 17 (1), e0262117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262117
Tampo, L.; Lazar, I.M.; Kabore, I.; Oueda, A.; Akpataku, K.V.; Djaneye – Boundjou, G.; Bawa, L.M.; Lazar, G.; Guenda, W. A multimetrix index for assessment of aquatic ecosystem health based on macroinvertebrates for the Zio River basin in Togo. Limnologica, 2020, 83, 125783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2020.125783
UNEP. A snapshot of the World’s water quality: Towards a global assessment. United Nations Environmental Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, 2016
Vannote, R.; Sweeney, B. Geographic analysis of thermal equilibria: a conceptual model for evaluating the effect of natural and modified thermal regimes on aquatic insect communities. American Naturalist, 1980, 115, 667-695 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/283591
Vicente-Martorell, J.J.; Galindo-Riano, M.D.; Garcia-Vergas, M.; Granado-Castro, M.D. Bioavailability of heavy metals monitoring in water, sediments and fish species from polluted estuary. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 162 (2-3), 823 – 836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.106
Ward, J.V. Thermal charcteristics of running waters. Hydrobiologia, 1985, 125, 31-46 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045924
World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th edition, WHO Press, Geneva Switzerland, 2011
World Health Organization. Water Quality and Health: review of turbidity information for regulators and water suppliers, 2017
Yongo, E.; Agembe, S.W.; Manyala, J.O.; Mutethya, E. Assessment of the current trophic state and water quality of Lake Naivasha, Kenya using multivariate technique. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 2022, 27, e12422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12422
Zainurin, S.N.; Ismail, W.Z.W.; Mahamud, S.N.I.; Ismail, I.; Jamaludin, J.; Ariffin, K.N.Z.; Kamil, W.M.W.A. Advancement in monitoring water quality based on various sensing methods: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022, 19, 14080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114080